TSMC expands Arizona fabs amid water, labor, and visa constraints

TSM·TSMC

Arizona Fab 1 reached high-volume N4 production in Q4 2024, with Fab 2 (N3) structure complete for 2028 ramp and Fab 3 groundbreaking in April 2025 targeting N2/A16 by 2030. The project faces persistent water demand of up to 16.4M gallons daily, skilled worker shortages, and visa delays for Taiwanese engineers, complicating TSMC's $165B cumulative Arizona investment.